Computer Hackers News Articles

           

    Computer Hackers News Articles
                     
     The following is a list of articles that I have found concerning the
computer underground in various magazines and news-papers. The list is in
chronological order. If you know of an article that should be included in
this list or correction, send me the information and I will add it to the
listing.

Nov 18  '90  Crackdown on computer crime is raising question of computer
             rights.
             Chicago Tribune pg.17
Oct 29  '90  Users paying big price for PBX fraud.
             Network World pg.1
Oct 28  '89  Halting hackers.
             The Economist pg.18
Oct 15  '90  Target: The Corporate PBX
             Information Week pg.24
Sept 9  '90  Can invaders be stopped but civil liberties upheld?
             The New York Times pg.F12
Sept 1  '90  United States v Zod
             The Economist pg.23
Sept    '90  Digital Desperados; hackers indictments raise constitutional
             questions.
             Scientific American pg.34
Aug 26  '90  The rights of computer users.
             Los Angles Times pg.D9
Aug 22  '90  Open sesame; in the arcane culture of computer hackers, few
             doors stay closed.
             The Wall Street Journal pg.A1
Aug 20  '90  NY State Police round up hackers.
             Computerworld pg.99
Aug 17  '90  U.S. Arrests boy, 5 others in computer hacker case.
             The Wall Street Journal pg.82
Aug 6   '90  Computer anarchism calls for a tough response.
             Business Week pg.72
Aug 6   '90  Charges dropped against alleged BellSouth hacker.
             Telephony pg.12
July 30 '90  Hacker trial begins in Chicago.
             Computerworld pg.8
July 30 '90  'Hacking' crackdown is dealt a setback in trial in Chicago
             The Wall Street Journal pg.B3
July 21 '90  Crackdown on hackers 'may violate civil rights'.
             New Scientist pg.22
July 21 '90  Group to defend civil rights of hackers founded by computer
             industry pioneer.
             The Wall Street Journal pg.B4
July 10 '90  Group to fight for computer users' rights.
             Los Angles Times pg.D5
July 10 '90  Computer hackers plead guilty in case involving BellSouth.
             The Wall Street Journal pg.84
July 2  '90  Hackers of the World, Unite!
             Newsweek pg.36
May 21  '90  Throwing the book at computer hackers.
             Business Week pg.148
May 14  '90  Justice failed in refusing to make Morris an example.
             Computerworld pg.23
May 14  '90  Morris sentence spurs debate.
             Computerworld pg.128
May 14  '90  Wheels of justice grind to a halt in 'worm' case.
             PC Week pg.16
May 7   '90  Three-year probation for Morris.
             Computerworld pg.1
May     '90  Just say No
             Communications of the ACM pg.477
May     '90  Uncovering the mystery of Shadowhawk.
             Security Management pg.26
Apr 30  '90  The hacker dragnet: the Feds put a trail on computer crooks -
             and sideswipe a few innocent bystanders.  Newsweek pg.50
March 26'90  Internet interloper targets hacker critics.
             Computerworld pg.127
March   '90  Cyber Thrash
             SPIN pg.24
March   '90  Is Computer Hacking a Crime?
             Harper's pg.45
Wntr    '90  Comp. crime and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986
             Computer Law Journal pg.71
Feb 19  '90  Morris code.
             The New Republic pg.15
Feb 12  '90  Alleged hackers charged wit theft of BellSouth 911 data.
             Telephony pg.10
Feb 12  '90  Babes in high-tech toyland nabbed.
             Computerworld pg.8
Feb 11  '90  Revenge on the nerds; sure, jail our hackers - who needs
             software stars anyway?
             Washington Post pg.C5
Feb 9   '90  Hacked to pieces.
             New Statesman and Society pg.27
Feb 2   '90  Prevention is better than cure.
             Public Finance and Accountancy pg.9
Jan 5   '90  Computer hacking: is a new law needed.
             Public Finance and Accountancy pg.7
Feb 7   '90  Four charged with scheme against phones.
             The Wall Street Journal pg.B5
Dec 4   '89  Hackers: Is a cure worse than the disease?
             Business Week pg.37
Sept    '89  Free the hacker two.
             Harper's Magazine pg.22
June 19 '89  Hacker invades So. Bell switch.
             Telephony pg.11
June    '89  Consensual realities in cyberspace
             Communication of the ACM pg.664
Apr 3   '89  Strong scruples can curb computer crime.
             Computerworld pg.100
March 9 '90  Hackers revealed as spies.
             Nature pg.108
March 6 '89  Are ATM's easy targets for crooks?
             Business Week pg.30
Feb 20  '89  Prison term for first U.S. hacker-law convict.
             Computerworld pg.1
Jan 9   '89  Hacker prosecution: suspect held, denied phone access by
             district court.
             Computerworld pg.2
Jan 9   '89  Drop the phone: busting a computer whiz.
             Time pg.49
Dec 26  '88  The Cyberpunk
             People pg.50
Dec 11  '88  Computer intruder is urged by authorities to contact the
             laboratory he invaded.
             The New York Times pg.24
Nov 14  '88  Portrait of an artist as a young hacker.
             Computerworld pg.6
Nov     '88  Robopsychology
             Omni pg.42
Aug 1   '88  Is your computer Secure?
             Business Week pg.64
Apr 28  '88  Hacker runs rings around military security.
             New Scientist pg.25
April   '88  Computer hackers follow Guttman-like progression.
             Sociology and Social Research pg.199
Oct     '87  Brian Reid, A Graphics Tale of a Hacker Tracker
             Communications of the ACM pg.820
April   '86  Positive Alternatives: A report on an ACM Panel on Hacking
             Communications of the ACM pg.297
Jan     '84  Hacking away at morality.
             Communications of the ACM pg.8

BUSYBOX

                                                ÕÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͸
                                                ³  Filename:
BUSYBOX
                                                ÆÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͵
                                                ³ Title: The Busy Box    ³
                                                ÆÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͵
                                                ³     By: Captain Hack   ³
                                                ÆÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͵
                                                ³   Released: 08/10/95   ³
                                                ÆÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ͵
                                                ³   Danger: °°°°°°°°°°   ³
                                                ÔÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ;
   The busy box is just that, it makes whatever fone line it's attached to
busy. It's quick, it's easy, it's actually fairly useful at school, cause
those idiots can't figure them out. Here's the plans:

Shoppong list:

One length of 4 cond fone wire w/modular plug on one end
wire strippers
elec tape

Strip the two inside wires on the end of the fone cord that doesn't have
the plug on it (Ring/Tip or Red/Green). Twist them together, and wrap a few
times with elec tape. Yes, that's really it.

Do you REALLY need a diagrag? Ok:
   /
  /
 ----------                     red
 |        |----------------------------------\
 |        |----------------------------------/    <--- twist wires together
 ----------                      green

 ^  Mod plug


 That better be enough for you. Jesus. This is only SO hard...

 --hack

To burn a bin file

 To burn a bin file, you will need an appropriate cue file.

You do exactly the same as for iso files, but when you click on “burn image,” you don’t browse to the bin itself, but instead to the cue file, and you open that one.
When the writer starts to burn, it will automatically search for the bin file and start burning it. In fact, the cue file tells the burning program where it can find the bin file that is attached to it. It is VERY IMPORTANT that you use the right cue file when you burn a bin. i.e both cue and bin files that are attached to each other must be located in the same folder, and every bin file has it’s own cue file.


Normally, when you download a bin file, you can download the appropriate cue file as well. If you do not have the cue file (or feel bold) you can make the cue file yourself, which is really easy to do:

a. Open notepad

b. Copy the folowing text into notepad:

FILE“nameofimage“BINARY
TRACK 01 MODE1/2352
INDEX 01 00:00:00

Where nameofimage.bin is the name of the bin file you want ot burn.

c. The rest is easy: just save the notepad text with the name of the bin, but with the cue extension.

d. The file should be saved in the same folder as its appropriate bin file and should be something like myfile.cue

Or you can use Alcohol 120% to burn directly from the bin file

bulk editing any format

lets us say you have just download a new album or game
but all the files are .xxx and you need them to be
zip's, rar's, mp3's etc.....
then do the following

-create a new folder
-put all the files needing editing in the new folder
-then goto "run" in the start menu
-type in CMD and click ok

-the next thing needsa few bits of old dos commands
-you need to navagate CMD to the folder whree the files are
-you can do this by 1st getting the total adress of the folder
-and then typing it in cmd with a "cd" in frount
QUOTE
cd c:\xxx\yyy\ccc\

once you in the folder where the files are you can move on
nb u can cheek you in the right folder by typing dir to get a list of files

-now type in....
QUOTE
rename *.* *.zip

Nb change the zip to what ever the extention needs to be (.rar, .mp3 ect)

all done
you should hv now changed the .* to what ever you needed

happy downloading Benji

(by Benji)

nb to exit CMD type in "exit" 

fix internet explorer

So one of your friends, “not you of course”, has managed to nuke Internet Explorer and they are unsure how they did it. You’ve eliminated the possibility of viruses and adware, so this just leaves you and a broken IE. Before you begin to even consider running a repair install of the OS, let’s try to do a repair on IE instead.

THE REPAIR PROCESS

Start the Registry Editor by typing regedit from the Run box. Go to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Active Setup \ Installed Components \ {89820200-ECBD-11cf-8B85-00AA005B4383} and then right-click the “IsInstalled value.” Click Modify. From there, you will change the value from 1 to 0. All right, go ahead and close the editor and reinstall IE from this location. /http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/default.mspx

IF SOMETHING GOES WRONG

If messing with the registry and something goes horribly wrong, you can use “Last Known Good Configuration (F8 Safe Mode)” or a Restore Point to get back to where you were before, with your settings. Then you can try again, this time taking care to watch the portion of the registry you are changing. Most people who have troubles with this end up changing the wrong registry key.

Hope this tut helps some members.

Breaker B0X

:

Breaker B0X

   This is a new b0x INVENTED AND MADE BY _--=PeEll=--_ on June 18, 1995 at
11:20 pm central time.  Okay?  This is not really a box.  This has nothing
to do with tha fone system.  It has to do with a person's (not yours) breaker
box and electrical system within his/her house.  This is foe info only.
These plans should not be use in an illegal way.  There are two wayz to make
this box.

   Materials

2 Extension cords (doesn't matter how long)
Knowledge of splicing wire
Whatever you need to splice
A plastic crate
A long thin (but strong) peice of wood (a stick, broom-handle)

   How to make it

   Take tha extension cords and cut off tha ends that you plug into tha wall
(ya know tha plugs).  Make SuRe you have about four-five inchs on both.  Now
splice tha two plugs together.  *****If they have tha third prong you have to
break it off*****  You should have something like this:

=|)-------(|=

   Now to use it

   Go to tha enimies house and find an outside power outlet.  Plug one of tha
plugs into one of tha outlets.  THEN GET ON THA CRATE!!!  Make SuRe that no
part of you is touching tha ground.  Then plug tha other end in (cause there
is usally two sockets).  Watch tha sparcks.  It may start a fire.  When it
stops lighting up tha ski, take tha stick or whatever put it in tha loop and
pull it out.  Grab it and run.

   Materials (foe tha second kind)

1 Extention cord
1 Bucket of Salt water (like a 5 gallon bucket filled with a lot of salt)

   Cut tha cord so you have about six-seven feet of cord.  Now find an
outside power outlet and plug in tha cord (might wanna get a crate).  Now you
have a LIVE wire.  THROW (so you are not holding it) into tha bucket of
water.  You may have to leave tha breaker box there.

   This b0x is KewL cause if it doesn't trip tha breakers or fuses it will
fry tha wires in tha house!!!  If something is running and using electricity
it may blow it (ie lights, TV, things like that).

_--=PeEll=--_(tm)

Boot windows fast

Boot windows fast

Follow the following steps

1. Open notepad.exe, type "del c:\windows\prefetch\ntosboot-*.* /q" (without the quotes) & save as "ntosboot.bat" in c:\
2. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "gpedit.msc".
3. Double click "Windows Settings" under "Computer Configuration" and double click again on "Shutdown" in the right window.
4. In the new window, click "add", "Browse", locate your "ntosboot.bat" file & click "Open".
5. Click "OK", "Apply" & "OK" once again to exit.
6. From the Start menu, select "Run..." & type "devmgmt.msc".
7. Double click on "IDE ATA/ATAPI controllers"
8. Right click on "Primary IDE Channel" and select "Properties".
9. Select the "Advanced Settings" tab then on the device or 1 that doesn't have 'device type' greyed out select 'none' instead of 'autodetect' & click "OK".
10. Right click on "Secondary IDE channel", select "Properties" and repeat step 9.
11. Reboot your computer.

Boot Block Recovery For Free

Boot Block Recovery For Free

You don't need to pay a measly sum of dollars just to recover from a boot block mode. Here it is folks:

AWARD Bootblock recovery:

That shorting trick should work if the boot block code is not corrupted, and it should not be if /sb switch is used when flashing the bios (instead of /wb switch).

The 2 pins to short to force a checksum error varies from chip to chip. But these are usually the highest-numbered address pins (A10 and above).

These are the pins used by the system to read the System BIOS (original.bin for award v6), calculate the ROM checksum and see if it's valid before decompressing it into memory, and subsequently allow Bootblock POST to pass control over to the System BIOS.

You just have to fool the system into believing that the System BIOS is corrupt. This you do by giving your system a hard time reading the System BIOS by shorting the 2 high address pins. And when it could not read the System BIOS properly, ROM Checksum Error is detected "so to speak" and Bootblock recovery is activated.

Sometimes, any combination of the high address pins won't work to force a checksum error in some chips, like my Winbond W49F002U. But shorting the #WE pin with the highest-numbered address pin (A17) worked for this chip. You just have to be experimentative if you're not comfortable with "hot flashing" or "replacement BIOS".

But to avoid further damage to your chip if you're not sure which are the correct pins to short, measure the potential between the 2 pins by a voltmeter while the system is on. If the voltage reading is zero (or no potential at all), it is safe to short these pins.

But do not short the pins while the system is on. Instead, power down then do the short, then power up while still shorting. And as soon as you hear 3 beeps (1 long, 2 short), remove the short at once so that automatic reflashing from Drive A can proceed without errors (assuming you had autoexec.bat in it).

About how to do the shorting, the tip of a screwdriver would do. But with such minute pins on the PLCC chip, I'm pretty comfortable doing it with the tip of my multi-tester or voltmeter probe. Short the pins at the point where they come out of the chip.



AMIBIOS Recovery bootblock:
1. Copy a known working BIOS image for your board to a floppy and rename it to AMIBOOT.ROM.
2. Insert the floppy in your system's floppydrive.
3. Power on the system while holding CTRL+Home keys. Release the keys when you hear a beep and/or see the floppy light coming on.
4 . Just wait until you hear 4 beeps. When 4 beeps are heard the reprogramming of the System Block BIOS went succesfull, so then you may restart your system.

Some alternative keys that can be used to force BIOS update (only the System Block will be updated so it's quite safe):
CTRL+Home= restore missing code into system block and clear CMOS when programming went ok.
CTRL+Page Up= restore missing code into system block and clear CMOS or DMI when programming went ok.
CTRL+Page Down= restore missing code into system block and do not clear CMOS and DMI area when programming went ok
Btw: the alternative keys work only with AMIBIOS 7 or higher (so for example an AMI 6.26 BIOS can be only recovered by using CTRL+Home keys).
Boot Block Recovery for FREE

************************************************
BLACKOUT Flashing
*************************************************

Recovering a Corrupt AMI BIOS chip
With motherboards that use BOOT BLOCK BIOS it is possible to recover a corrupted BIOS because the BOOT BLOCK section of the BIOS, which is responsible for booting the computer remains unmodified. When an AMI BIOS becomes corrupt the system will appear to start, but nothing will appear on the screen, the floppy drive light will come on and the system will access the floppy drive repeatedly. If your motherboard has an ISA slot and you have an old ISA video card lying around, put the ISA video card in your system and connect the monitor. The BOOT BLOCK section of the BIOS only supports ISA video cards, so if you do not have an ISA video card or your motherboard does not have ISA slots, you will have to restore your BIOS blind, with no monitor to show you what’s going on.

AMI has integrated a recovery routine into the BOOT BLOCK of the BIOS, which in the event the BIOS becomes corrupt can be used to restore the BIOS to a working state. The routine is called when the SYSTEM BLOCK of the BIOS is empty. The restore routine will access the floppy drive looking for a BIOS file names AMIBOOT.ROM, this is why the floppy drive light comes on and the drive spins. If the file is found it is loaded into the SYSTEM BLOCK of the BIOS to replace the missing information. To restore your BIOS simply copy a working BIOS file to a floppy diskette and rename it AMIBOOT.ROM, then insert it into the computer while the power is on. The diskette does not need to be bootable or contain a flash utility. After about four minutes the system will beep four times. Remove the floppy diskette from the drive and reboot the computer. The BIOS should now be restored.

Recovering a Corrupt AWARD BIOS
With AWARD BIOS the process is similar but still a bit different. To recover an AWARD BIOS you will need to create a floppy diskette with a working BIOS file in .BIN format, an AWARD flash utility and an AUTOEXEC.BAT file. AWARD BIOS will not automatically restore the BIOS information to the SYSTEM BLOCK for this reason you will need to add the commands necessary to flash the BIOS in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file. The system will run the AUTOEXE.BAT file, which will in turn flash the BIOS. This is fairly easy. Here are the steps you need to take.

· Create a bootable floppy diskette
· Copy the BIOS file and flash utility to the diskette
· Create an text file with any standard text editor and add the following lines

@ECHO OFF
FLASH763 BIOSFILE.BIN /py

In the above example I am assuming that you are using the FLASH763.EXE flash utility. You will need to replace the FLASH763 with the name of whatever flash utility you are using, and replace the BIOSFILE.BIN with the name of the BIOS file you are using. You will also need to change the ‘/py’ to whatever the command is for your flash utility to automatically program the BIOS without user intervention. If you do not know the command to automatically flash your BIOS type the name of the flash utility with a space and then /? to display the utility’s help screen. The help screen should pecify the command switch to automatically flash your BIOS. If you are using the FLASH763.EXE utility then the switch to automatically flash your BIOS is ‘/py’.

Bit Torrent Tutorials

Bit Torrent Tutorials


The first things you need to know about using Bit Torrent:
-- Bit Torrent is aimed at broadband users (or any connection better than dialup).
-- Sharing is highly appreciated, and sharing is what keeps bit torrent alive.
-- A bit torrent file (*.torrent) contains information about the piece structure of the download (more on this later)
-- The method of downloading is not your conventional type of download. Since downloads do not come in as one
big chunk, you are able to download from many people at once, increasing your download speeds. There may be
100 "pieces" to a file, or 20,000+ pieces, all depending on what you're downloading. Pieces are usually small (under 200kb)
-- The speeds are based upon people sharing as they download, and seeders. Seeders are people who constantly
share in order to keep torrents alive. Usually seeders are on fast connections (10mb or higher).

In this tutorial, I will be describing it all using a bit torrent client called Azureus. This client is used to decode the .torrent files into a useable format to download from other peers. From here on out, I will refer to Bit Torrent as BT.

Which BT client you use, is purely up to you. I have tried them all, and my personal favorite is Azureus for many reasons. A big problem with most BT clients out there, is that they are extremely CPU intensive, usually using 100% of your cpu power during the whole process. This is the number one reason I use Azureus. Another, is a recently released plug-in that enables you to browse all current files listed on suprnova.org (the #1 source for torrent downloads).

Before you use the plug-in, take a look at /http://www.suprnova.org, and browse the files. Hold your mouse over the links, and you'll notice every file ends in .torrent. This is the BT file extension. Usually, .torrent files are very small, under 200kb. They contain a wealth of information about the file you want to download. A .torrent file can contain just 1 single file, or a a directory full of files and more directories. But regardless, every download is split up into hundreds or thousands of pieces. The pieces make it much easier to download at higher speeds. Back to suprnova.org. Look at the columns:

Added | Name | Filesize | Seeds | DLs (and a few more which aren't very useful.)

I'll break this down.
Added: Self explanitory, its the date the torrent was added.
Name: Also self explanitory.
Filesize: Duh
Seeds: This is how many people are strictly UPLOADING, or sharing. These people are the ones that keep .torrent files alive. By "alive", I mean, if there's no one sharing the .torrent file, no one can download.
DLs: This is how many people currently downloading that particular torrent. They also help keep the torrent alive as they share while they download.

It's always best to download using a torrent that has a decent amount of seeders and downloaders, this way you can be assured there's a good chance your download will finish. The more the better.

Now that you should understand how torrent files work, and how to use them, on to Azureus!
First, get JAVA! You need this to run Azureus, as java is what powers it. Get Java here: /http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/download.html
Next, get Azureus at: /http://azureus.sourceforge.net
Next, get the Suprnovalister plugin from /http://s93732957.onlinehome.us/storage/suprnovalister.jar

Install Java JRE before you do ANYTHING.

Install Azureus, and then in the installation folder, create 2 more folders. ./Plugins/suprnovalister (For example, if you installed Azureus to C:\PROGRAM FILES\AZUREUS, create C:\PROGRAM FILES\AZUREUS\PLUGINS\SUPRNOVALISTER). Next, put the suprnovalister.jar file that you downloaded, in that folder.

Load up Azureus, and if you want, go through the settings and personalize it.

The tab labeled "My Torrents" is the section of Azureus you need the most often. That lists all your transfers, uploads and downloads. It shows every bit of information you could possibly want to know about torrents you download.

In the menu bar, go to View > Plugins > Suprnova Lister. This will open up a new tab in Azureus. Click on "Update Mirror". This will get a mirror site of suprnova.org containing all current torrent files available. Once a mirror is grabbed, choose a category from the drop-down box to the left and click "Update". Wah-lah, all the available downloads appear in the main chart above. Just double click a download you want, and bang its starting to download. Open the "My Torrents" tab again to view and make sure your download started.

After your download has finished, be nice, and leave the torrent transferring. So people can get pieces of the file from you, just as you got pieces from other people.

Alternatively, if you don't want to use the plugin... you can just head to suprnova.org and download files to any folder. Then go to File > Open > .torrent File in Azureus.

This should about wrap it up for the Bit Torrent Tutorial. If you guys think of anything I should add, or whatnot, just let me know and I'll check into it.

BIOS Update Procedure

BIOS Update Procedure

All latest Motherboards today, 486/ Pentium / Pentium Pro etc.,ensure that upgrades are easily obtained by incorporating the system BIOS in a FLASH Memory component. With FLASH BIOS, there is no need to replace an EPROM component. Once downloaded, the upgrade utility fits on a floppy disc allowing the user to save, verify and update the system BIOS. A hard drive or a network drive can also be used to run the newer upgrade utilities. However, memory managers can not be installed while upgrading.

Most pre-Pentium motherboards do not have a Flash BIOS. The following instructions therefore do not apply to these boards. If your motherboard does not have a Flash BIOS (EEPROM) you will need to use an EPROM programmer to re-program the BIOS chip. See your dealer for more information about this.

Please read the following instructions in full before starting a Flash BIOS upgrade:

A. Create a Bootable Floppy (in DOS)

•With a non-formatted disk, type the following:

format a:/s

•If using a formatted disk, type:

sys a:

This procedure will ensure a clean boot when you are flashing the new BIOS.

B. Download the BIOS file

•Download the correct BIOS file by clicking on the file name of the BIOS file you wish to download.

•Save the BIOS file and the Flash Utility file in the boot disk you have created. Unzip the BIOS file and the flash utility file. If you don't have an "unzip" utility, download the WinZip for Windows 95 shareware/ evaluation copy for that one time use from _www.winzip.com or _www.pkware.com. Most CD ROMs found in computer magazines, have a shareware version of WinZip on them.

•You should have extracted two files:

Flash BIOS utility eg: flash7265.exe (for example)

BIOS eg: 6152J900.bin (example)

Use the latest flash utility available unless otherwise specified (either on the BIOS update page or in the archive file). This information is usually provided.

C. Upgrade the System BIOS

During boot up, write down the old BIOS version because you will need to use it for the BIOS backup file name.

Place the bootable floppy disk containing the BIOS file and the Flash Utility in drive a, and reboot the system in MS-DOS, preferably Version 6.22

•At the A:> prompt, type the corresponding Flash BIOS utility and the BIOS file with its extension.

For example:

flash625 615j900.bin

•From the Flash Memory Writer menu, select "Y" to "Do you want to save BIOS?" if you want to save (back up) your current BIOS (strongly recommended), then type the name of your current BIOS and its extension after FILE NAME TO SAVE: eg: a:\613J900.bin

Alternatively select "N" if you don't want to save your current BIOS. Beware, though, that you won't be able to recover from a possible failure.

•Select "Y" to "Are you sure to program?"

•Wait until it displays "Message: Power Off or Reset the system"

Once the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system. If you write to BIOS but cannot complete the procedure, do not switch off, because the computer will not be able to boo, and you will not be given another chance to flash. In this case leave your system on until you resolve the problem (flashing BIOS with old file is a possible solution, provided you've made a backup before)

Make sure the new BIOS version has been loaded properly by taking note of the BIOS identifier as the system is rebooting.

For AMI BIOS

Once the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system holding the "END" key prior to power on until you enter CMOS setup. If you do not do this the first time booting up after upgrading the BIOS, the system will hang.

BIOS Update Tips

note:

1.Make sure never to turn off or reset your computer during the flash process. This will corrupt the BIOS data. We also recommend that you make a copy of your current BIOS on the bootable floppy so you can reflash it if you need to. (This option is not available when flashing an AMI BIOS).

2. If you have problems installing your new BIOS please check the following:

Have you done a clean boot?

In other words, did you follow the above procedure for making a bootable floppy? This ensures that when booting from "A" there are no device drivers on the diskette. Failing to do a clean boot is the most common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS.

If you have not used a bootable floppy, insure a clean boot either by

a) pressing F5 during bootup

b) by removing all device drivers on the CONFIG.SYS including the HIMEM.SYS. Do this by using the EDIT command.

Have you booted up under DOS?

Booting in Windows is another common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS. Make sure to boot up to DOS with a minimum set of drivers. Important: Booting in DOS does not mean selecting "Restart computer in MS-DOS Mode" from Windows98/95 shutdown menu or going to Prompt mode in WindowsNT, but rather following the above procedure (format a: /s and rebooting from a:\).

Have you entered the full file name of the flash utility and the BIOS plus its extension?

Do not forget that often you will need to add a drive letter (a:\) before flashing the BIOS. Example: when asked for file name of new BIOS file which is on your floppy disk, in case you're working from c:\ your will need to type a:\615j900.bin, rather than 615j900.bin only.